From the beginning, relations between the king and the Legislative Assembly were hostile. The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution. Meanwhile, on June 24, the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating Terror with Virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. In their place they endorsed the political ascendancy of the Jacobins. Why was the Bastille hated by all? In the first encounter between the two armies, Napoleon pushed back his opponents and advanced deep into Austrian territory. In December 1793, the Convention formally conferred executive power upon the Committee and Robespierre established a virtual dictatorship. Following the fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, Napoleon, although closely associated with Robespierre, was released from the arrest within two weeks and asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France’s war with Austria. During the Reign of Terror, the sans-culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. The Demonstration of June 20, 1792, followed as the last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and attempt to follow what they believed to be a more empathetic approach to governing. After this campaign, he was sent on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country’s intentions towards France. His royal seal was to go to the Dauphin and his wedding ring to the Queen. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions, which at different times included Britain, Austria, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. Although he had only two weeks to prepare his defense arguments, on December 26 Desèze pleaded the king’s case for three hours, arguing eloquently yet discreetly that the revolution spare his life. The new régime met opposition from Jacobins on the left and Royalists (secretly subsidized by the British government) on the right. View solution Describe the status of the nobles in France before the revolution. The Jacobins identified themselves with the popular movement and the sans-culottes, who in turn saw popular violence as a political right. The Reign of Terror (From 1793 to 1794) The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. By the same token, it rejected democratic elections and kept its old leaders in power. In the course of 1793, the Holy Roman Empire, the kings of Portugal and Naples, and the Grand-Duke of Tuscany declared war against France. This effectively led to Bonaparte’s dictatorship and in 1804 to his proclamation as emperor, which ended the specifically republican phase of the French Revolution. 23 deputies abstained for various reasons, several because they felt they had been elected to make laws rather than to judge. The branded and shackled slave were then packed tightly into ships and after two to three month of voyages they were sold in the Caribbean to plantation owners. The name Thermidorian refers to Thermidor 9, Year II (July 27, 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar when Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention. The Directory established six short-lived sister republics modeled after France in Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d’état within the French Revolution against the leaders of the Jacobin Club who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. In June 1794, Robespierre, who favored deism over atheism, recommended that the Convention acknowledge the existence of his god. In addition, the sans-culottes faced violent suppression by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. Guillotine, a device, named after inventor Dr. Guillotin, was used to behead a person at that time. 2 Answers. Short Note on ‘Reign of Terror’ Reign of Terror refers to the period 1793-94 when France became a republic under Maximilian Robespierre and followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Because of forcible implementation of laws, even supporters of Robespierre started the demand for change. They sold flowers, fruits, vegetables and employed as servant in house hold. The following day, the Convention’s president Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac presented it with the indictment and decreed the interrogation of Louis XVI. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. Similarly, the idea of nation states; as we know them; began with French Revolution. The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), also known as The Terror, was a period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (moderate republicans) and the Jacobins (radical republicans), and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.” In June 1792, 80,000 armed sans-culottes surrounded the Convention. In October 1795, immediately after the suppression of a royalist uprising in Paris, the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new constitution took place. The Constitution of 1795 created the Directory with a bicameral legislature consisting of the Council of Five Hundred (lower house) and the Council of Ancients (upper house). Most of the pieces of correspondence in the cabinet involved ministers of Louis XVI, but others involved most of the big players of the Revolution. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Because… Read More » The next day, the Directory annulled the elections of about two hundred deputies in 53 departments. The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. On September 4, 1797, with the army in place, the Coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, Year V was set in motion. The royal family became prisoners and a rump session of the Legislative Assembly suspended the monarchy. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating terror with virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. Marie Antoinette was tried separately, after Louis’s death. The Girondins made a last advance to Louis, offering to save the monarchy if he would accept them as ministers. The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d’état during the French Revolution resulting in a Thermidorian regime characterized by the violent elimination of its perceived opponents. With Robespierre the sole remaining strongman of the Revolution following the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat and the executions of Jacques Hébert, Georges Danton, and Camille Desmoulins, his apparent total grasp on power became increasingly illusory, especially support from factions to his right. 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The remainder of the House, 345 deputies, belonged to no definite party and were called the Marsh (Le Marais) or the Plain (La Plaine). On Thermidor 8 (July 26), he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering the closure of women's clubs and banning their political activities. The execution of the Girondins, moderate republicans, enemies of the more radical Jacobins. The Legislative Assembly first met on October 1, 1791, under the Constitution of 1791, consisting of 745 members. The climax of extreme anti-clericalism was reached with the celebration of the goddess Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral in November. Some historians dispute these numbers and estimate that the Legislative Assembly consisted of about 165 Feuillants (the right), about 330 Jacobins (including Girondins; the left), and about 350 deputies, who did not belong to any definite party but voted most often with the left. Chaos persisted until the National Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792, and became the new de facto government of France. As he did not give the names of the “traitors,” all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets. As a wartime measure, the Committee was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria in July. Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship, while the Montagnards believed that Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives and royalists that would guarantee their remaining in power. The following points explain the Reign of Terror: (a) The period from 1793 to 1794 is called the Reign of Terror because Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. The Convention’s secretary read the charges: “the French people” accused Louis of committing “a multitude of crimes in order to establish [his] tyranny by destroying its liberty.” Louis XVI heard 33 charges. 800px-Clu00f4ture_de_la_salle_des_Jacobins_1794.jpg. Not all the conspiratorial groupings were ideological in motivation. They arrested and executed anyone who they suspected might not be loyal to the revolution. The Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention which was to draw up a constitution. In April 1793, members of the Montagnards went on to establish the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre, which would be responsible for the Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), the bloodiest and one of the most controversial phases of the French Revolution. Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King’s Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defense. As Napoleon I, he was emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Anyone who ‘by their conduct, relations, words or writings showed themselves to be supporters of tyranny and federalism and enemies of freedom’ was targeted and suspected of treason. Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. After that they were married by their families even against their will. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). The period from 1793 to 1794 was referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ because of the following reasons: Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Most of the women were deprived of education. Thus, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire in the French Republican Calendar). Like other laws, it was indefinitely suspended and in October, it was announced that the government of France would be “revolutionary until the peace.” In an attempt to make their stance known to the world, the National Convention, led by Robespierre, also released a statement of French foreign policy. Traditionally, historians have also identified a centrist faction called the Plain, but many historians tend to blur the line between the Plain and the Girondins. Traditionally, historians have identified a centrist faction called the Plain, but many historians tend to blur the line between the Plain and the Girondins. From Ormea, they headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. This led to the consolidation, extension, and application of emergency government devices to maintain what the Revolution considered control. Author unknown; source: “La Guillotine en 1793” by Hector Fleischmann (1908). It targeted and systematically executed perceived enemies of the Revolution. The clash between Directory and member of councils led to political instability, which opened the door of military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte. It served to further highlight the convention’s fear of enemies of the Revolution. Portrait of Maximilien de Robespierre (1758-1794) by an unknown artist. The universal male suffrage had thus very little impact and the voters elected the same sort of men that the active citizens had chosen in 1791. Under the leadership of Napoleon, the attackers were repelled on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire). As a wartime measure, the Committee was given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts. Finally, women got right to vote in the year of 1946 in France. The trial began on December 3. Given overwhelming evidence of Louis’ collusion with the invaders during the ongoing war with Austria and Prussia, the verdict was a foregone conclusion. Thus, the First Coalition was formed. The power of the Committee peaked between August 1793 and July 1794 under the leadership of Robespierre. State finances were in total disarray. In this series, Dr. Carson examines the connection between ideology and the revolutions of our time and traces the impact on several major countries and the spread of the ideas and practices around the world. Danton was born in Arcis-sur-Aube (Champagne in northeastern France) to Jacques Danton, a respectable, but not wealthy lawyer, and Mary Camus. There were 721 voters in total. Upon graduating from the prestigious École Militaire (military academy) in Paris in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned as a second lieutenant in an artillery regiment. The year of Jacobin rule was the first time in history that terror became an official government policy, with the stated aim to use violence to achieve a higher political goal. The earlier atrocities had made confidence or goodwill between parties impossible. Robespierre tried to commit suicide before his execution by shooting himself, although the bullet only shattered his jaw. On November 3, 1795, the Directory – a bicameral parliament – was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. Its power peaked between August 1793 and July 1794 under the leadership of Robespierre, who established a virtual dictatorship. In June 1793, Paris sections took over the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI awoke at 5 a.m. and heard his last Mass. The National Convention was a single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. Resistance could be declared as treason and punished by guillotine. The Girondins made a last advance to Louis offering to save the monarchy if he would accept them as ministers. On November 3, 1795, a bicameral parliament called the Directory was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. Representatives from the first and second estates were present and the third estate was represented by its prosperous and educated members. In June 1792, under the pressure of armed sans-culottes, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. On January 21, 1815 Louis XVI and his wife’s remains were reburied in the Basilica of Saint-Denis where in 1816 his brother, King Louis XVIII, had a funerary monument erected by Edme Gaulle. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet, and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. The Assembly declared the country in danger and the Brunswick Manifesto, combined with the news that Austrian and Prussian armies had marched into French soil, heated the republican spirit to fury. Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into offices and barracks. Out of the five members, only Barras served during the entire time the Directory existed. A commission was established to examine evidence against the King while the Convention’s Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. Leading up to the Terror After the arrest and execution of Robespierre, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated (Thermidorian Reaction). The modern ideas of popular democracy had its roots in France. T… In June, the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote but not enacted. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine. Expert Answer: The period from 1793 to 1794 in France is called the Reign of Terror. The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist. Most historians divide the National Convention into two main factions: the Girondins and the Montagnards. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. The new Convention, occupied mostly with matters of war, did little to remedy the problem until April 1793 when they created the Committee of Public Safety. The Directory reacted by purging all the winners in the Coup of 18 Fructidor, banishing 57 leaders to certain death in Guiana and closing 42 newspapers. The rightists within the assembly consisted of about 260 Feuillants (constitutional monarchists), whose chief leaders, Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette and Antoine Barnave, remained outside the Assembly because of their ineligibility for re-election. 1834.: Born and raised in Corsica, Napoleon’s first language was Corsican and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent. Ans. The foundation of the Terror was centered around the April 1793 creation of the Committee of Public Safety. The people who were involved with Robespierre became the target, including many members of the Jacobin club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. In the end, Robespierre himself united his enemies when he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. The sans-culottes, exasperated by the inadequacies of the government, invaded the Convention and overthrew the Girondins. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions. On October 31, 1795, the members of the Council of Five Hundred submitted a list of candidates to the Council of Ancients, which chose the first Directory. This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. On November 20, opinion turned sharply against Louis following the discovery of a secret cache of 726 documents of his personal communications. He was a lawyer and the leader of the Jacobins, which was a radical political group. 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