classical athens' population

The silver mines of Laurion contributed significantly to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore and used the proceeds to build a massive fleet, at the instigation of Themistocles.[8]. By 431 BC Athens probably had 40,000 residents, and its harbor town Piraeus another 25,000. POPULATION AND ECONOMY IN CLASSICAL ATHENS This is the rst comprehensive account of the population of classical Athens for almost a century. J. Ober’s work on defenses and C. Taylor’s on the increasing presence of rural demesmen in politics would seem to be compatible with the author’s picture. [Oxford 1933] 34, cf. The methodology of earlier scholars has been criticised in general terms, but their conclusions have not been seriously challenged. Akrigg does not deny that democracy and empire could have mitigated growing inequality (if that is in fact what was happening), but he still maintains that without war or plague “the democracy would have come under increasing strain and might not have lasted long” (223). Approximately 140,000; Approximately 40,000 men were citizens; and slaves (about 40,000). The book comprises eight chapters, the first six of which seek to establish Athens’ population (and its basic material needs) down to 431. Subsequently, the Athenians and their allies, led by Themistocles, defeated the Persian navy at sea in the Battle of Salamis. Population and Economy in Classical Athens by Ben Akrigg, 9781107027091, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. (London 1986) but disagrees with Strauss’s conclusion that the thetes were the hardest hit demographically and that their losses contributed to social peace in the fourth century. bc may have been about two million people.Demography is not just a matter of population size. ), Demography and the Graeco-Roman World: New Insights and Approaches (Cambridge 2011): 37-59; “Metics in Athens,” in C. Taylor and K. Vlassopoulos (eds. The author echoes M. I. Finley’s contention that the main beneficiaries of the empire were the already rich. Document B (population estimates from mixed sources…) states that the population of classical Athens in 422 B.C.E was to be 315,000 total. It may be, then, that Athens was no less a “beneficiary” of two of Scheidel’s “four horsemen” of inequality reduction, war and disease. It is surprising that given the sheer number of people living in those times, only little remains of their constructs. Sparta's former allies soon turned against her due to her imperialist policies, and Athens's former enemies, Thebes and Corinth, became her allies. This content was originally written for an undergraduate or Master's program. [6] M. I. Finley, “The Fifth-Century Athenian Empire: A Balance Sheet,” reprinted in P. Low (ed. a rapid jump-perhaps a doubling or even a trebling-in population (J. N. Coldstream, Geometric Greece [London 1977] 109, 367-369); there was "a considerable natural increase of the population between 480 and 430, and between 400 320" (A. W. Gomme, The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. The leading statesman of this period was Pericles, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. The result was democracy in Athens, but considering Cleisthenes' motivation for using the people to gain power, as without their support, he would have been defeated, and so Athenian democracy may be tainted by the fact its creation served greatly the man who created it. A population as large as that of classical Athens could be supported only by the regular importation of food 2 from abroad, which had to be financed by trade and other revenues. [3] “On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population,” Population Studies 20 (1966): 245-64. Citizens, Metics, and Slaves: The population of Athens was made up of three distinct groups: citizens, or men who were of Athenian birth and free-born; metics, or foreigners who lived in Athens but who had no citizenship rights, and slaves It is estimated that in 431 B.C. It is widely referred to as the cradle of Western Civilization, and the birthplace of democracy,[4] largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC on the rest of the then-known European continent.[5]. Praise “Insults in Classical Athens examines a decidedly understudied subject that is vast and multifaceted, successfully introducing the reader to the complexities and reasons why further study is necessary and important. This is the first comprehensive account of the population of classical Athens for almost a century. The public opinion of voters could be influenced by the political satires written by the comic poets and performed in the city theaters. Since the defeat was largely blamed on democratic politicians such as Cleon and Cleophon, there was a brief reaction against democracy, aided by the Spartan army (the rule of the Thirty Tyrants). 2.13.6 on hoplite and reserve sizes, to argue for a total citizen hoplite group of anywhere between 19,000 to 34,000. Learn more about the history and significance of Athens in this article. Following the assassination of Hipparchus in about 514, Hippias took on sole rule, and in response to the loss of his brother, became a worse leader who was increasingly disliked. Athens, historic city and capital of Greece. Hence, he gave his name to the Athenian Golden Age. The Plague of Athens (Ancient Greek: Λοιμὸς τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Loimos tôn Athênôn) was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year (430 BC) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. In Chapter 3, “Population Size 1: Citizens,” Akrigg exploits our single most important piece of evidence, Thuc. At least 32,000 enslaved men were required for the mines and the navy, with all that that implies for the number of enslaved women and children. The population’s needs for barley, olive oil, and wine are helpfully set out in Table 6.1; the obvious takeaway is that Athens depended on imports to meet its needs, given its own limited area of cultivable land. 3. Akrigg questions W. Scheidel’s understanding of Athens as an exception to Scheidel’s general (bleak) picture of economic growth and wealth inequality. During its classical period, Athens had a population between 350,000 and 610,000. Whereas Doc C (population estimates from mixed sources) the population of Han china in 200 C.E was 65,000,000 total. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Specialist readers will know these arguments from a series of book chapters produced by the author since 2007, but there is much new (and important) material, and it is useful to have everything in one place under a coherent framework. The population of Sparta consisted of three main groups: the Spartans, or Spartiates, who were full citizens; the Helots, or serfs/slaves; and the Perioeci, who were neither slaves nor citizens. The story of Athena is very similar to the story of the founding of Greece. This set a mo… In theory, it was composed of all the citizens of Athens; however, it is estimated that the maximum number of participants it included was 6,000. That provoked two Persian invasions of Greece, both of which were repelled under the leadership of the soldier-statesmen Miltiades and Themistocles (see Persian Wars). Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years. He was an expert in South Italian vases, namely the red-figured pottery produced by Greeks and the local population living in South Italy and Sicily in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. By 432 BC, Athens had become the most populous city-state in Hellas. However, that delaying action was not enough to discourage the Persian advance, which soon marched through Boeotia, setting up Thebes as their base of operations, and entered southern Greece. From 800 B.C. Jun 8 2014 • 244 views. In conclusion he makes the salutary point that there can be no single explanation for the development of Athenian society but that demography ought to be one tool among many for understanding history. The war between Athens and the city-state Sparta ended with an Athenian defeat after Sparta started its own navy. Fifth-century Syracuse was roughly the same size as Athens, and a century later had between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. According to the Greek mythology, Cecrops, who was half man and half serpent, founded Athens and became the first king. 101 N. Merion Ave., Chapter 7, “Beyond Food and Fuel,” brings us to possible implications of Athens’ mid-fifth-century population boom and subsequent contraction. In 490 the Athenians, led by Miltiades, prevented the first invasion of the Persians, guided by king Darius I, at the Battle of Marathon. The methodology of earlier scholars has been criticised in general terms but their conclusions have not been seriously challenged. During the winter of 338 BC /337 BC Macedonia, Athens and other Greek states became part of the League of Corinth. [8] The Athenian Nation (Princeton 2000). 2 (Leiden 2008): 427-523. Of the temples, the grandest was the Parthenon, sacred to the "Virgin" goddess Athena; and north of the Parthenon was the magnificent Erechtheion, containing three separate temples, one to Athena Polias, or the "Protectress of the State," the Erechtheion proper, or sanctuary of Erechtheus, and the Pandroseion, or sanctuary of Pandrosos, the daughter of Cecrops. Slaves- Slaves were at the base of the social structure.It was estimated that around 400 B.C. In 338 BC the armies of Philip II defeated Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea, effectively limiting Athenian independence. to 400 B.C, the population in ancient Greece rose. Hippias exiled 700 of the Athenian noble families, amongst them Cleisthenes' family, the Alchmaeonids. The latter part of the chapter attempts to square the fourth-century evidence with Akrigg’s theory that drastic population decline from war and plague involved land redistribution. On the west end of the Acropolis, where access is alone practicable, were the magnificent Propylaea, "the Entrances," built by Pericles, before the right wing of which was the small Temple of Athena Nike. The walled city measured about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in diameter, although at its peak the city had suburbs extending well beyond these walls. Most offices were filled by lot, although the ten strategoi (generals) were elected. The reforms of Cleisthenes replaced the traditional four Ionic "tribes" (phyle) with ten new ones, named after legendary heroes of Greece and having no class basis, which acted as electorates. With the pioneering work of M. K. Hopkins on the age structure of the Roman population, however, ancient demography was put on better footing, since Hopkins recognized the importance of UN model life tables. there were roughly 50,000 adult male citizens, 25,000 metics, and 100,000 slaves in Athens. The Hellenic League led by the Spartan King Leonidas led 7,000 men to hold the narrow passageway of Thermopylae against the 100,000–250,000 army of Xerxes, during which Leonidas and 300 other Spartan elites were killed. The Perioeci, whose name means “dwellers-around,” worked as craftsmen and traders, and … The entire circuit of the walls was 174.5 stadia (nearly 22 miles, 35 km), of which 43 stadia (5.5 miles, 9 km) belonged to the city, 75 stadia (9.5 miles, 15 km) to the long walls, and 56.5 stadia (7 miles, 11 km) to Piraeus, Munichia, and Phalerum. The city was burnt by Xerxes in 480 BC, but was soon rebuilt under the administration of Themistocles, and was adorned with public buildings by Cimon and especially by Pericles, in whose time (461–429 BC) it reached its greatest splendour. Given the current state of our evidence, the author’s assumption that fifth-century Athens was on the road to perdition, as well as his comment that “the upheavals of the Peloponnesian War…can be seen as purgative” for an otherwise ruinously unequal society (243), cannot, I think, constitute the final word on the subject. However, other Greek cities, including Athens, turned against Thebes, and its dominance was brought to an end at the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) with the death of its leader, the military genius Epaminondas. Athens began as a small, Mycenaen community and grew to become a city that, at its height, epitomized the best of Greek virtues and enjoyed such prestige that the Spartans refused to sack the city or enslave the citizens, even after Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes, after the tyranny of the Peistratids and the rule of Isagoras.This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in … By 432 BC, Athens had become the most populous city-state in Hellas. The summit of the Acropolis was covered with temples, statues of bronze and marble, and various other works of art. The Acropolis, also called Cecropia from its reputed founder, Cecrops, was a steep rock in the middle of the city, about 50 meters high, 350 meters long, and 150 meters wide; its sides were naturally scarped on all sides except the west end. The tribes each selected fifty members by lot for the Boule, the council that governed Athens on a day-to-day basis. 'θi.na]) during the classical period of ancient Greece (480–323 BC)[1] was the major urban centre of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. The city became, in Pericles's words, an education for Hellas (usually quoted as "the school of Hellas [Greece]. It is also concerned with the age‐structure of populations, which is mainly determined by fertility rates and also by mortality rates. Perhaps future archaeological work will tell us something about the wealth inequality and economic growth at the deme level. That supposedly worked after a number of times, and Cleomenes led a Spartan force to overthrow Hippias, which succeeded, and instated an oligarchy. Close this message to accept … The city of Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athênai [a.tʰɛ̂ː.nai̯]; Modern Greek: Αθήναι Athine [a.ˈθi.ne̞] or, more commonly and in singular, Αθήνα Athina [a. 26-27. Athens - Athens - History: The site of Athens has been inhabited since the Neolithic Period (before 3000 bce). [1] “The Nature and Implications of Athens’ Changed Social Structure and Economy,” in R. Osborne (ed. The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles. In 480 the Persians returned under a new ruler, Xerxes I. [3] Hansen, in turn (above, n. 2), exploited the superior life tables of Coale and Demeny. To these he would add 40,000 or 30,000 non-hoplites, respectively, for the total citizen adult male population, but his grounds for doing so are unclear at this stage, since he addresses neither the distribution of wealth in Athenian society nor the relation, if any, of the Solonian census classes to military functions until later in the book. Argos, Thebes and Corinth, allied with Athens, fought against Sparta in the decisive Corinthian War of 395–387 BC. The book shows that basic demographic questions are inseparable from other historical lines of inquiry concerning society, politics, economics, and, for lack of a better term, social peace. Jesús David Quintero Aleans . The book must serve as the prolegomenon to any future discussion of Athenian demography—but it aims at more. On the west side the walls embraced the Hill of the Nymphs and the Pnyx, and to the southeast they ran along beside the Ilissos. The victories enabled it to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the Delian League, an Athenian-dominated alliance. It was originally surrounded by an ancient Cyclopean wall said to have been built by the Pelasgians. The first settlers in Athens were from various ethnic groups that were organized in several kingdoms. The Parthenon, a lavishly decorated temple to the goddess Athena, was constructed under the administration of Pericles.[9]. The lower city was built in the plain around the Acropolis, but this plain also contained several hills, especially in the southwest part. The author also now attends to the issue of the wealth distribution of Attica, discussing previous arguments by R. Osborne, L. Foxhall, and G. Kron. Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 in the Battle of Leuctra. ), Greek Colonisation Vol. In the classical period, Athens was a centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum,[2][3] Athens was also the birthplace of Socrates, Plato, Pericles, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and many other prominent philosophers, writers and politicians of the ancient world. To sum up my conclusions at the outset, I would observe that much more space is given to question 1 than to question 2, and that when the author turns to the bigger picture, the results must, given the state of the evidence, remain ambiguous. Chapter 6, “Immediate Implications of Population Change: War and Food” (but see above on this “change”), entails a dense summary of the fifth-century Attic population’s food requirements. 1 Photos of Lesbos , Thuc. Athens today is experiencing some population decline, which is standard across the country, due to an aging population and a weak economy. Further, the conquests of his son, Alexander the Great, widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete. Akrigg plausibly suggests that the land grabs under Athenian imperial rule would have afforded opportunities for emigration and thus an incentive for natural fertility increase that might otherwise have been lacking in a Greek community. Xerxes had built himself a throne on the coast in order to see the Greeks defeated. Sparta, also known as Lacedaemon, was an ancient Greek city-state located primarily in the present-day region of southern Greece called Laconia. We ask that comments be substantive in content and civil in tone and those that do not adhere to these guidelines will not be published. Much of it represents a thorough historiographical exploration of the status quaestionis, laying out with great care what can and cannot be said about Athens’ population based on what evidence we possess, as well as articulating the extent to which previous scholars’ approaches are compatible or not. There were many gates, among the more important there were: Among the more important streets, there were: The period from the end of the Persian Wars to the Macedonian conquest marked the zenith of Athens as a center of literature, philosophy (see Greek philosophy) and the arts (see Greek theatre). Bryn Mawr PA 19010. However, Akrigg’s further speculations that fifth-century imperial Athens was on a path of unsustainable economic inequality are harder to maintain. The city of Athens, Greece, with its famous Acropolis, has come to symbolize the whole of the country in the popular imagination, and not without cause. The society was divided into several sections such as citizens, freedman, upper class people, slaves, women etc. Answers to those questions, however, remain open. Upon their exile, they went to Delphi, and Herodotus[6] says they bribed the Pythia always to tell visiting Spartans that they should invade Attica and overthrow Hippias. In sum, Ben Akrigg has produced a sophisticated demographic study that should establish new baselines for future debate and that has raised provocative questions about a famous ancient society’s sustainability. We have also to deal with the fact that the institutions that E. E. Cohen sees as emblematic of the fourth century, such as commercialization and banking, probably emerged already in the fifth, albeit without the participation of women and slaves. [7] J. Ober, Fortress Attica: Defense of the Athenian Land Frontier, 404-322 BC (Leiden 1985); C. Taylor, Participation in Athenian Democracy (Unpublished PhD thesis, Cambridge 2005). Resentment by other cities at the hegemony of Athens led to the Peloponnesian War in 431, which pitted Athens and her increasingly rebellious sea empire against a coalition of land-based states led by Sparta. [4] Embracing the Immigrant: The Participation of Metics in Athenian Polis Religion (5th-4th Century BC) (Stuttgart 2014). A.D. (Dale) Trendall (1909-1995) was a leading authority on ancient Greek vase painting and one of the foremost classical art historians of his time. (Herning 1985). ), Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford 2015): 155-76. Even if absolute inequality increased during the fifth century, as was probably the case, Akrigg does not sufficiently allow for overall income growth across the board,[9] nor does he explore at much length the possibility that the Athenian empire’s ability to export (and benefit) poorer citizens via colonies and cleruchies alleviated what otherwise would have been mounting population pressures. He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. The discussion of metics omits further recent contributions by R. F. Kennedy, D. Kamen, and J. Sosin, among others. [1] The introductory Chapter 1 emphasizes that sustained studies of the fourth-century population of Athens, above all that by M. H. Hansen,[2] had as their impetus the questions of whether and how the Athenian constitution made good on its stated goal of a highly participatory state. The chapter ends with an illuminating discussion of the wood required for minting coins and feeding the workforce of the silver mines. [5] This point is well taken. Chapter 2, “Population Structures,” approaches the total population of Attica, for which we have no explicit ancient evidence, according to age structure and sex structure. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). It is also worth noting that the numbers involved in individual colonial and cleruchal projects appear rarely to have surpassed 1,000 citizens at a time. Classical Athens population in the year 432 BCE was composed of about 50,000 free male citizens, 50,000 free male non-citizens (citizens under the age of 18 and residents without Athenian parentage), 100,000 free females and 115,000 slaves for a total of about 315,000 people. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. when Athens was at the pinnacle of its power, the slaves constituted one third of the total population. They established themselves near the crag, which later would become the Acropolis. Athens (Attiki) was the largest Greek city-state, approaching a population of approximately 100,000 by 500-450 B.C. The question just posed roughly maps on to Akrigg’s stated concerns: 1) to show that the population was in fact in that range, as scholars have previously suggested but have left relatively unexplored; and 2) to “show why such an account is necessary…and to persuade the reader that this subject…is an important part of the history of the city” (1). Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Cambridge Classical Studies: Population and Economy in Classical Athens by Ben Akrigg (2019, Hardcover) at the best online prices at eBay! Of that population, only 10-20% (31,000 - 46,500) actually had a say in the government. During the time of the ascendancy of Ephialtes as leader of the democratic faction, Pericles was his deputy. [7] The Assembly or Ecclesia was open to all full citizens and was both a legislature and a supreme court, except in murder cases and religious matters, which became the only remaining functions of the Areopagus. BMCR provides the opportunity to comment on reviews in order to enhance scholarly communication. ), The Athenian Empire (Edinburgh 2008): 14-40, at pp. Expressions of thanks or praise should be sent directly to the reviewer, using the email address in the review. Antipater dissolved the Athenian government and established a plutocratic system in 322 BC (see Lamian War and Demetrius Phalereus). The Acropolis was just south of the centre of this walled area. Many governmental posts in classical Athens were chosen by lot, in an attempt to discourage corruption and patronage. “The Nature and Implications of Athens’ Changed Social Structure and Economy,” in R. Osborne (ed. The total population in the 4th cent. The Legal and Social Condition of the Enslaved Population in Classical Athens. The Athenian democracy provided a number of governmental resources to its population in order to encourage participation in the democratic process. Instead, the Persians were routed. In a much shorter concluding section on sex structures, the author suggests that the practice of infanticide was relatively rare in Classical Athens, given that war casualties were consistently replaced. Athens consisted of two distinct parts: The city was surrounded by defensive walls from the Bronze Age and they were rebuilt and extended over the centuries. Athens is the capital of Greece, the largest city in the country, and one of the world’s oldest cities overall.It has a rich history that goes back over 3,400 years and is considered the cradle of Western democracy. Athens remained a wealthy city with a brilliant cultural life, but ceased to be an independent power. Its beauty was chiefly due to its public buildings, for the private houses were mostly insignificant, and its streets badly laid out. Hippias, son of Peisistratus, had ruled Athens jointly with his brother, Hipparchus, from the death of Peisistratus in about 527. Bce ) in Athens were chosen by lot, although the ten strategoi ( generals ) were.. Finley ’ s conclusions on this front on the coast in order to see the defeated. Alexander the Great, widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state.. Is surprising that given the sheer number of governmental resources to its public buildings, for the Boule the. 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